PART 1 WRITING FOR READERS 1  Writers, Readers, and Communities Academic, public, and work communities 1 Communities in action 2 Choices and limits Identifying electronic communities 2  Discovering and Planning  Getting started 1 Try informal writing 2 Use listing 3 Ask strategic questions Keeping a writing/reading journal 1 How to keep a reading and writing journal 2 Thinking, writing, and discovering Structuring ideas and information 1 Draw a cluster 2 Create a tree diagram 3 Build a time sequence 4 Create a problem-solution grid 5 Outline Planning: Paper in progress 3  Purpose, Thesis, and Audience Recognizing your purpose 1 Identify the focus 2 Define the purpose Using purpose to guide your writing 1 Rough out a purpose structure Defining a thesis or main idea 1 Turn topics into theses 2 Complicate or extend your rough thesis 3 Expand your thesis with specifics 4 Modify your thesis Different kinds of thesis statements Recognizing your audience Specific readers and communities of readers Adapting to readers and communities of readers 4  Drafting From planning to drafting 1 Draft in manageable parts 2 Develop a general structure 3 Assess your purpose and redraft Drafting strategies 1 Write about your writing 2 Draft quickly 3 Semidraft 4 Talk it out or take a break Collaborative drafting 1 Do parallel drafting 2 Do team drafting 3 Do intensive drafting 5   Revising, Editing, and Proofreading Major revisions 1 Redraft unworkable material 2 Reorganize poorly arranged paragraphs or sections 3 Add new material 4 Delete unnecessary or redundant material Minor revisions 1 Revise for sense 2 Revise for style 3 Revise for economy Collaborative revising 1 Respond helpfully 2 Make the most of response 3 Workplace collaboration Revising: Paper in progress Editing your own writing 1 Final editing for economy and style 2 Editing for grammatical problems Collaborative editing Editing on the computer 1 What computer editors can do 2 What computer editor can’t do Proofreading 6 Paragraphs Focused paragraphs Creating paragraph focus 1 Topic sentence at the beginning 2 Topic sentence plus a limiting or clarifying sentence 3 Topic sentence at the end 4 Topic sentence implied rather than stated Paragraph coherence Creating paragraph coherence 1 Repeating words and phrases 2 Supplying transitions 3 Using parallel structure Developed paragraphs 1 Developing paragraphs with details 2 Creating paragraph structures Introductory and concluding paragraphs 1 Creating introductory paragraphs 2 Creating concluding paragraphs 7  Sentences Clear sentences 1 Use significant subjects 2 Avoid unnecessary nominalizations 3 Use I, we, and you as subjects 4 Be careful with strings of nouns 5 Use clear and specific verbs 6 Keep subjects and verbs clearly related Direct sentences Emphatic sentences 1 Use sentence beginnings and endings 2 Create emphatic sentence patterns 3 Use the passive voice with care Revising for variety 1 Vary sentence length 2 Vary sentence types 3 Vary sentence structure and patterns 4 Create surprise 8 Assessing Writing Assessing your own writing 1 Saying what you want to say 2 Sharing what you want to share 3 Being honest about things th