The new Ninth Edition brings the text up to date with the most recent developments and research in the field. New! Discusses the “Guatemalan Syphilis Study”—in which the U.S. Public Health Service infected uninformed subjects with syphilis. New! Covers “The Belfast Study”— in which the U.S. federal government pressured Boston College to release confidential information on IRA interviewees who had been assured confidentiality. New! Incorporates Crimesolutions.gov—which presents the latest attempt to catalog what works in criminal justice programs. Updated! The “crime dip” is reexamined—in light of charges of data manipulation on the part of the NYPD. Updated! All references, tables, and figures—have been thoroughly updated to incorporate the most recent information possible.