Wheat and barley are major food crops grown for human consumption worldwide, yet the sustained production of these important cereals continues to be threatened by rapidly evolving fungal pathogens. This chapter highlights recent advancements in phenotyping, genotyping and other breeding technologies that have the potential to speed up the discovery and utilisation of new sources of disease resistance for wheat and barley. Technologies covered include Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS), speed breeding, genome-wide association studies and genomic selection. Finally, the chapter looks ahead to future research trends in this area.